If it wasn't released physically, the mind's energy would be discharged through dreams. In 1900, Freud broke ground in psychology by publishing his book " The Interpretation of Dreams." In his book, Freud named the mind's energy libido and said that the libido needed to be discharged to ensure pleasure and prevent pain. The superego is the part of the personality that is ethical and creates the moral standards for the ego. The ego is the "self" part of the personality that interacts with the world in which the person lives. The id is the primitive instincts, such as sex and aggression. It is also called "depth psychology."įreud also developed what he thought of as the three agencies of the human personality, called the id, ego and superego. This is the treatment of mental disorders, emphasizing on the unconscious mental processes. In 1896, Freud coined the term psychoanalysis. He published his findings with Breuer in 1895, in a paper called Studien über Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria). This method of treatment is called free association. Freud would write down whatever the person would say, and analyze what they had said. He would have patients lie back on a couch so that they were comfortable and then he would tell them to talk about whatever popped into their head. He instead developed a new way to get people to talk freely. He found that hypnosis didn't work as well as he had hoped. This became known as the "talking cure." Freud then traveled to Paris to study further under Jean-Martin Charcot, a neurologist famous for using hypnosis to treat hysteria.Īfter this new line of study, Freud returned to his hometown in 1886 and opened a practice that specialized in nervous and brain disorders. Breuer would hypnotize her, and she was able to talk about things she could not remember in a conscious state. Breuer told his friend about using hypnosis to cure a patient, Bertha Pappenheim (referred to as Anna O.), of what was then called hysteria. By 1885, Freud had completed important research on the brain's medulla and was appointed lecturer in neuropathology, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.įreud's friend, Josef Breuer, a physician and physiologist, had a large impact on the course of Freud's career. In 1882, he became a clinical assistant at the General Hospital in Vienna and trained with psychiatrist Theodor Meynert and Hermann Nothnagel, a professor of internal medicine. In 1873, Freud entered the University of Vienna medical school. He and his wife fled to England, where he died in September 1939. The Nazi party burned his books throughout Germany, but they let him leave Austria after briefly confiscating his passport. Though Jewish, Freud's fame saved him, for the most part. Freud lived his adult life in Vienna until it was occupied by Germany in 1938.
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